Ancient Egyptian mummies have long sparked our
imaginations, starring in countless horror films and novels. But what
are they? How were they made? Why were they made? That's the mystery of
the mummy.
The Egyptian mummification process is basically a means of
preserving a dead body. Without preservation, a body will decompose,
leaving only the bones. The Egyptian mummification process therefore
prevents a body from decomposing, allowing the deceased to resemble
what he looked like when he was still alive.
THE FINAL JUDGMENT
To the ancient Egyptians, a person is composed of 6 different
parts: his body, ba (personality or character), ka (spirit of life),
akh (immortal soul), as well as his name and his shadow. A person is
not whole if he is missing any of these parts.
The ancient Egyptians believed in the afterlife. They believed
that when a person died, he continued living in another plane of life
in the underworld. Since he is still considered to be "alive", all 6
parts of that person should be intact for him to live properly. Hence
the need for preservation of the body, and the creation of the ancient
Egyptian mummies.
An important belief in ancient Egypt, and the source of many
Egyptian paintings, is the Final Judgment. It describes what happens
after a person physically dies. The paintings show the recently
deceased describing his deeds to a panel of judges. He is then led to
the scales of balance by Anubis, the jackal-headed god of mummification
and the afterlife. Here, his heart, which contains all the evil that he
has committed, is weighed against the feather of Ma'at, goddess of
truth and justice.
Thoth, the ibis-headed god of wisdom, records the outcome. If
the heart is heavier, the deceased is judged too evil and undeserving
of a place in the afterlife. The heart will then be devoured by Ammit,
the god with the head of a crocodile and the body of a hippopotamus.
If the feather of Ma'at is heavier, the person is deemed
worthy, and is taken by Horus, the falcon-headed god, to the afterlife
and the underworld, ruled by Osiris.
THE MUMMIFICATION PROCESS
The details of the Egyptian mummification process has been lost
to time. Most of what we know today about the mummification process
comes from the writings of Herodotus, the Greek traveler. From what we
know, creating the ancient Egyptian mummies is a complicated process.
Herodotus' writings indicate that the entire process takes 70 days,
from the time of death till the mummy is buried.
Firstly, the internal organs are removed. All organs are
removed except for the heart, which the ancient Egyptians believed to
be the center of a person's being.
To remove the organs from the abdominal cavity (such as the
lungs, stomach, liver and intestines), a small cut is made in the left
abdomen, and the organs removed from there. The organs are then
cleansed and stored in 4 canopic jars, representing the Four Sons of
Horus. These jars will be buried together with the mummy.
The brain is also removed. A hooked instrument is inserted into
the skull via the nose. The hook is then used to pull out the brain in
small pieces.
The next step in the Egyptian mummification process is to dry
the body. If there is any water remaining in the body, bacteria will
grow and cause the body to decompose. The drying agent is natron, a
mixture of salts found along the Nile valley. By covering the body with
natron for the majority of the 70 days, it will be completely dried.
After the natron is removed, the body is then wrapped using
linen and resin. Hundreds of yards of linen are used, and usually
covered with holy inscriptions. The finished mummy is then buried in
his tomb together with his possessions.
Egyptologists have long wondered if this process as described
by Herodotus could really create the ancient Egyptian mummies. In 1994,
a team of scientists at the University of Maryland, USA, closely
followed the Egyptian mummification process and successfully created a
mummy that was free of bacteria and decay. Thus the mystery of the
mummy is finally solved.
